Oxy-inflammation after repetitive "open circuit" dives in the Baltic Sea
Brizzolari, A.; Mrakic-Sposta, S.; Vezzoli, A.; Balestra, C.; Bonini, B.; Barassi, A.; Camporesi, E.; BOSCO, G. (2025). Oxy-inflammation after repetitive "open circuit" dives in the Baltic Sea. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 52(3): 211-225. https://dx.doi.org/
In: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. The Society: Bethesda, Md.. ISSN 1066-2936, more
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| Author keywords |
cold water;diving;hyperoxia;interleukin;oxidative stress;oxy-inflammation;ros;prostaglandin-like products;decompression-sickness;antioxidant defenses;scuba;exposure;cold;isoprostanes;expression;responses |
| Authors | | Top |
- Brizzolari, A.
- Mrakic-Sposta, S.
- Vezzoli, A.
- Balestra, C., more
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- Bonini, B.
- Barassi, A.
- Camporesi, E.
- BOSCO, G.
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| Abstract |
Background: SCUBA diving involves exposure to a hyperbaric environment that can induce oxidative stress and inflammation.This study investigates the evolution of oxy-inflammation status in divers who performed repetitive dives in cold water. Methods: In the Baltic Sea, nine expert divers were recruited to perform five dives (T1-T5). Urine and saliva were collected before (A) and after (B) each dive. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (8-iso-PGF2 alpha), DNA damage (8-OH-dG), inflammatory status (IL-6), nitric oxide metabolites, neopterin, and electrolyte balance changes were investigated. Results: Pre-dive values showed significant increases at the fourth to fifth days in ROS (+45 and +89%) and consequently in lipid peroxidation (+65%) at the fourth day and in DNA damage (+49 and +61%) at the fourth to fifth days, respectively, compared to the first day value. Post-dive significant increases were recorded at the fourth to fifth days in ROS (+83 % and +146%), and at the fifth day in lipid peroxidation (+59%) and DNA damage (+41%) with respect to the post-dive value of the first day. TAC showed a decrease from the fourth to fifth days post-dive (-15% and-24%) compared to the value on the first day post-dive. Finally, IL-6 increased at the basal level of the fifth day (+183%) and post dive (+154%) with respect to the corresponding values of the first day. Conclusion: Repetitive dives in cold water induced a progressive increase in pre-dive ROS, 8-iso-PGF2 alpha, 8-OH-dG, and IL-6. Oxidative stress was only partially contained by activation of endogenous antioxidant defenses, while IL-6 variation resulted from diving-related physical effort or oxy-inflammation. We did not find notable changes in the electrolyte balance, probably because all subjects examined were well-trained and experienced divers. |
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