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Do alternate stable states occur in natural ecosystems? Evidence from a tidal flat
van de Koppel, J.; Herman, P.M.J.; Thoolen, P.; Heip, C.H.R. (2001). Do alternate stable states occur in natural ecosystems? Evidence from a tidal flat. Ecology 82(12): 3449-3461. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2680164

www.jstor.org/stable/2680164
In: Ecology. Ecological Society of America: Brooklyn, NY. ISSN 0012-9658; e-ISSN 1939-9170, more
Peer reviewed article  

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Keywords
    Algae > Diatoms
    Aquatic communities > Benthos
    Aquatic communities > Benthos > Phytobenthos
    Erosion
    Forces (mechanics) > Stress (mechanics) > Shear stress
    Multiple
    Positive feedback
    Sediment
    Sediments
    Sediments > Clastics > Silt
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    benthos; bottom shear stress; diatoms; diatom-sediment interaction; erosion; multiple stable states; phytobenthos; positive feedback; sediment, silt

Authors  Top 
  • van de Koppel, J., more
  • Herman, P.M.J., more
  • Thoolen, P., more
  • Heip, C.H.R., more

Abstract
    Studies from a wide variety of ecosystems indicate that primary producers may protect their environment against degrading processes such as erosion by water current or wind. Theoretical analyses showed that the dynamics of these systems are governed by positive feedback. We investigated the implications of a positive feedback between growth of benthic diatoms and erosion of silt in tidal flat systems. A simple mathematical model shows that alternate stable states may occur in systems with positive feedback between diatom growth and silt accumulation, particularly in sediments with intermediate bottom shear stress. High diatom cover, high silt content, and low levels of erosion characterize one state. The other state is dominated by erosion, and hence both diatom cover and silt content are low. In an experimental study, we tested the critical model assumption that the growth rate of diatoms increases with the silt content of the sediment. Net growth of diatoms was significantly higher on silt than on sandy sediment after nine days of incubation, supporting the premise that diatom-silt interactions are governed by positive feedback. Furthermore, we compared model predictions to data on the physical and biological properties of sediments of a tidal flat. In accordance with our model, the silt content of sediments with intermediate to high bottom shear stress showed a clear and significant bimodal distribution, which may reflect the existence of alternate stable states. At low bottom shear stress, silt content was better explained by a unimodal distribution, as was predicted by our model. Patterns in chlorophyll a content were less clear. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a content was best explained by a bimodal distribution at high bottom shear stress, and in two of the three periods at low bottom shear stress. Our study indicates that the positive feedback between enhanced production of diatoms and decreased erosion of sediment significantly affects the dynamics of intertidal flat systems.

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